(1) Phan Boi Chau with the Dong Du movement, Phan Chau Trinh with the Duy Tan movement, Luong Van Can with the Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc movement; the Yen The peasant uprising led by Hoang Hoa Tham, the Yen Bai uprising led by Nguyen Thai Hoc, and dozens of other large and small uprisings that took place across the country from the beginning of the 20th century to the beginning of 1930.

(2) According to author Tran Huy Lieu (1956): Modern Vietnamese History, volume 3, Research Department of Literature, History and Geography, p.36. In the work Socialism (written around 1928, published in 1946), Phan Boi Chau highly appreciated Marxism-Leninism and considered the emergence of socialism a historical inevitability; analyzed the three stages of socialist revolution including: the period of socialist research, the period of socialist practice, and the period of successful socialism.

(3) Enlighten the people: abandon the method of studying by rote, eliminate extravagant customs; open schools to teach the national language and technical science knowledge. Enlighten the people: awaken the spirit of self-reliance, self-improvement, enlightenment of one’s rights and obligations, escape from

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Political theory and communication

feudalism. Improve the people’s livelihood: take care of economic development, reclaim land, establish trade associations, produce domestic goods.

(4) Wrote 145 articles, 2 speeches, 7 books and 1 poem.

(5) Published in La Cloche fêlée (The Bell) from issue 53 on March 26, 1926 to issue 60 on April 2, 1926.

(6) Tran Dan Tien (1974), Stories about the life and activities of President Ho Chi Minh, Truth Publishing House, 1975, pp. 12-13.

(7), (9), (11), (14), (17) Ho Chi Minh (2011), Complete Works, National Political Publishing House, Vol. 2, pp. 291, 296, 304, 289, 297, 304, 289.

(8) Ho Chi Minh (2011), Ibid, Vol.15, p.387.
(10), (19) Ho Chi Minh (2011), Ibid Vol Vol.12, p.30, 69, 401.
(12) Communist Party of Vietnam (1991), Documents of the 7th National

Congress, Truth Publishing House, p.109.
(13) V.I. Lenin (1979), Complete Works, Progress Publishing House, Moscow,

Vol. 9, p.414.
(15) Nguyen Trong Chuan (1997), October Revolution and its contemporary

significance, National Political Publishing House, pp.98-99.
(16) Nguyen Trong Chuan (1997), Ibid, p.103.
(18) Central Theoretical Council (2014), Arguments criticizing wrong and

hostile viewpoints, National Political Publishing House, pp.7-23.
(20) Currently, there are different views on the number and names of the eras of the Vietnamese nation since the Party took leadership, but in this article we agree with the views of Professor, Dr. Phung Huu Phu (former Deputy Head of the Central Propaganda Department) and Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Viet Thao

(former Deputy Director of the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics).
(21) Communist Party of Vietnam (2021), Documents of the 13th National

Congress, National Political Publishing House, Vol. 1, p. 104.
(22) Speech by General Secretary To Lam, October 31, 2024, at the Ho Chi

Minh National Academy of Politics.
(23) Prof. Dr. Phung Huu Phu said that it is necessary to make a breakthrough

straight into modernity, into high-tech fields, especially digital technology in which Vietnam has advantages; into modern national governance on the basis of digital government, digital society, digital citizens, creating remarkable development in economy, culture, society, national defense, security, and foreign affairs. It is also a breakthrough in thoroughly resolving bottlenecks, weaknesses, limitations, and difficulties that are holding back and hindering the country’s development.

(24) Ho Chi Minh (2011), Complete Works, ibid., Vol. 1, p. 509.
(25) Ho Chi Minh (2011), Complete Works, ibid., Vol. 8, p. 293, 216. (26) Ho Chi Minh (2011), Complete Works, ibid., Vol.13, p.70.